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East Francia
In medieval historiography, East Francia (Latin: ''Francia orientalis'') or the Kingdom of the East Franks (''regnum Francorum orientalium'') forms the earliest stage of the Kingdom of Germany, lasting from about 840 until about 962.〔Goldberg 1999, 41: "the east Frankish kingdom () a political entity that laid the foundations for the kingdom of Germany".〕 East Francia was formed out of the division of the Carolingian Empire〔The term "Francia", land of the Franks, was commonly used to refer to the empire. The ruling dynasty was Frankish, although its inhabitants were mostly non-Franks.〕 after the death of Emperor Louis the Pious, but the east–west division "gradually hardened into the establishment of separate kingdoms".〔Bradbury 2007, 21: "... division which gradually hardened into the establishment of separate kingdoms, notably East and West Francia, or what we can begin to call Germany and France."〕
==Borders==
In August 843, after three years of civil war following the death of Louis the Pious on 20 June 840, the Treaty of Verdun was signed by his three sons and heirs. His namesake, Louis the German, received the eastern portion of mostly Germanic-speaking lands. The contemporary East Frankish ''Annales Fuldenses'' describes the kingdom being "divided in three" and Louis "acceding to the eastern part".〔''AF'' a. 843: ''in tres partes diviso ... Hludowicus quidem orientalem partem accepti''.〕 The West Frankish ''Annales Bertiniani'' describe the extent of Louis's lands: "at the assigning of portions, Louis obtained all the land beyond the Rhine river, but on this side of the Rhine also the cities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz with their counties".〔''AB'' a. 843: ''ubi distributis portionibus, Hludowicus ultra Rhenum omnia, citra Rhenum vero Nemetum, Vangium et Moguntiam civitates pagosque sortitus est''. The cities are Speyer, Worms and Mainz.〕 The kingdom of West Francia went to Louis's younger half-brother Charles the Bald and between their realms a kingdom of Middle Francia, incorporating Italy, was given to their elder brother, the Emperor Lothair I.
While West and Middle Francia contained "the traditional Frankish 'heartlands'", the East consisted mostly of lands only annexed to the Frankish empire in the eighth century.〔Goldberg 1999, 41.〕 These included the duchies of Alemannia, Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia, as well as the northern and eastern marches with the Danes and Slavs. The contemporary chronicler Regino of Prüm wrote that the "different people" (''diversae nationes populorum'') of East Francia, mostly Germanic- and Slavic-speaking, could be "distinguished from each other by race, customs, language and laws" (''genere moribus lingua legibus'').〔〔Reynolds 1997, 257.〕
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